Rules of Hillel

With notes on their correspondence to The 32 Rules

1. (1H/I) Kal va-chomer (קל וחומר): Argument from greater to lesser OR lesser to greater. [5/32 = Reasoned out in Scripture; 6/32 = Suggested by Scripture]
2. (2H/I) Gezerah shavah (גזירה שוה): "Similar laws, similar verdicts"; Argument by analogy based on common language (e.g. two passages use the same word, elaboration from the one is applied to the other as well) [7/32]
3. (3H/3I) Binyan ab mi-katuv echad (בנין אב מכתוב אחד): "A standard from a passage of Scripture" a certain passage serves as a basis for the interpretation of many others, so that the decision given in the case of one is valid for all the rest. [Cf. Augustus Franke's locus classicus]
4. (4H/3I) Binyan ab mi-shene ketubim (בנין אב משני כתובים): ("A standard from two passages of Scripture") a decision in two laws having a characteristic in common (הצד השוה) is applied to many other laws which have this same characteristic [8/32]
5. (5H) Kelal u-perat and perat u-kelal (כלל ופרט ופרט וכלל): ("General and particular, particular and general") is a limitation of the general by the particular and vice versa. These rules address how to synthesize two statements that address the same topic in respectively more general and more specific terms.
6. (6) Ka-yotze bo mi-makom acher (כיוצא בו ממקום אחר): ("Like that in another place") refers to explaining a Biblical passage according to another of similar content
7. (7) Davar ha-lamed me-inyano (דבר הלמד מעניינו): "Something proved by the context"; For Akiva a third sentence decides between two which seem in tension. For Ishmael, the third modifies the interpretation of both the two held in tension.